Court Deems Northwestern BC Gold-Copper Project 'Substantially Started' Designation as Reasonable, but Faces Further Consultation Order
Research Report

1. Seabridge Gold Inc. is a billboard sponsor of Streetwise Reports and pays SWR a monthly sponsorship fee between US$3,000 and US$6,000.
2. As of the date of this article, officers, contractors, shareholders, and/or employees of Streetwise Reports LLC (including members of their household) own securities of Seabridge Gold Inc.
3. This article does not constitute investment advice and is not a solicitation for any investment. Streetwise Reports does not render general or specific investment advice and the information on Streetwise Reports should not be considered a recommendation to buy or sell any security. Each reader is encouraged to consult with his or her personal financial adviser and perform their own comprehensive investment research. By opening this page, each reader accepts and agrees to Streetwise Reports' terms of use and full legal disclaimer. Streetwise Reports does not endorse or recommend the business, products, services or securities of any company. 

For additional disclosures, please click here.

Disclosures for RBC Capital Markets, Seabridge Gold Inc., June 9, 2026

Conflicts policy RBC Capital Markets Policy for Managing Conflicts of Interest in Relation to Investment Research is available from us on request. To access our current policy, clients should refer to https://www.rbccm.com/global/file-414164.pdf or send a request to RBC Capital Markets Research Publishing, P.O. Box 50, 200 Bay Street, Royal Bank Plaza, 29th Floor, South Tower, Toronto, Ontario M5J 2W7. We reserve the right to amend or supplement this policy at any time. Dissemination of research RBC Capital Markets endeavors to make all reasonable efforts to provide research content simultaneously to all eligible clients, having regard to local time zones in overseas jurisdictions. RBC Capital Markets provides eligible clients with access to Research Reports on the Firm's proprietary INSIGHT website, via email and via third-party vendors. Please contact your investment advisor or institutional salesperson for more information regarding RBC Capital Markets' research. For a list of all recommendations on the company that were disseminated during the prior 12-month period, please click on the following link: https://rbcnew.bluematrix.com/sellside/MAR.action The 12 month history of Quick Takes can be viewed at RBC Insight. Analyst certification All of the views expressed in this report accurately reflect the personal views of the responsible analyst(s) about any and all of the subject securities or issuers. No part of the compensation of the responsible analyst(s) named herein is, or will be, directly or indirectly, related to the specific recommendations or views expressed by the responsible analyst(s) in this report. Third-party disclaimers The Global Industry Classification Standard ("GICS”) was developed by and is the exclusive property and a service mark of MSCI Inc. (“MSCI”) and Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC (“S&P”) and is licensed for use by RBC. Neither MSCI, S&P, nor any other party involved in making or compiling the GICS or any GICS classifications makes any express or implied warranties or representations with respect to such standard or classification (or the results to be obtained by the use thereof), and all such parties hereby expressly disclaim all warranties of originality, accuracy, completeness, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose with respect to any of such standard or classification. Without limiting any of the foregoing, in no event shall MSCI, S&P, any of their affiliates or any third party involved in making or compiling the GICS or any GICS classifications have any liability for any direct, indirect, special, punitive, consequential or any other damages (including lost profits) even if notified of the possibility of such damages. RBC Capital Markets disclaims all warranties of originality, accuracy, completeness, merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose with respect to any statements made to the media or via social media that are in turn quoted in this report, or otherwise reproduced graphically for informational purposes. Disclaimer RBC Capital Markets is the business name used by certain branches and subsidiaries of the Royal Bank of Canada, including RBC Dominion Securities Inc., RBC Capital Markets, LLC, RBC Europe Limited, RBC Capital Markets (Europe) GmbH, Royal Bank of Canada, Hong Kong Branch, Royal Bank of Canada, Singapore Branch and Royal Bank of Canada, Sydney Branch. The information contained in this report has been compiled by RBC Capital Markets from sources believed to be reliable, but no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made by Royal Bank of Canada, RBC Capital Markets, its affiliates or any other person as to its accuracy, completeness or correctness. All opinions and estimates contained in this report constitute RBC Capital Markets' judgement as of the date of this report, are subject to change without notice and are provided in good faith but without legal responsibility. Nothing in this report constitutes legal, accounting or tax advice or individually tailored investment advice. This material is prepared for general circulation to clients and has been prepared without regard to the individual financial circumstances and objectives of persons who receive it. The investments or services contained in this report may not be suitable for you and it is recommended that you consult an independent investment advisor if you are in doubt about the suitability of such investments or services. This report is not an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities. Past performance is not a guide to future performance, future returns are not guaranteed, and a loss of original capital may occur. RBC Capital Markets research analyst compensation is based in part on the overall profitability of RBC Capital Markets, which includes profits attributable to investment banking revenues. Every province in Canada, state in the U.S., and most countries throughout the world have their own laws regulating the types of securities and other investment products which may be offered to their residents, as well as the process for doing so. As a result, the securities discussed in this report may not be eligible for sale in some jurisdictions. RBC Capital Markets may be restricted from publishing research reports, from time to time, due to regulatory restrictions and/ or internal compliance policies. If this is the case, the latest published research reports available to clients may not reflect recent material changes in the applicable industry and/or applicable subject companies. RBC Capital Markets research reports are current only as of the date set forth on the research reports. This report is not, and under no circumstances should be construed as, a solicitation to act as securities broker or dealer in any jurisdiction by any person or company that is not legally permitted to carry on the business of a securities broker or dealer in that jurisdiction. To the full extent permitted by law neither RBC Capital Markets nor any of its affiliates, nor any other person, accepts any liability whatsoever for any direct, indirect or consequential loss arising from, or in connection with, any use of this report or the information contained herein. No matter contained in this document may be reproduced or copied by any means without the prior written consent of RBC Capital Markets in each instance. Additional information is available on request. To U.S. Residents: This publication has been approved by RBC Capital Markets, LLC (member FINRA, NYSE, SIPC), which is a U.S. registered broker-dealer and which accepts responsibility for this report and its dissemination in the United States. Any U.S. recipient of this report that is not a registered broker-dealer or a bank acting in a broker or dealer capacity and that wishes further information regarding, or to effect any transaction in, any of the securities discussed in this report, should contact and place orders with RBC Capital Markets, LLC. To Canadian Residents: This publication has been approved by RBC Dominion Securities Inc.(member CIRO). Any Canadian recipient of this report that is not a Designated Institution in Ontario, an Accredited Investor in British Columbia or Alberta or a Sophisticated Purchaser in Quebec (or similar permitted purchaser in any other province) and that wishes further information regarding, or to effect any transaction in, any of the securities discussed in this report should contact and place orders with RBC Dominion Securities Inc., which, without in any way limiting the foregoing, accepts responsibility for this report and its dissemination in Canada. To U.K. Residents: This publication has been approved by RBC Europe Limited ('RBCEL') which is authorized by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority ('FCA') and the Prudential Regulation Authority, in connection with its distribution in the United Kingdom. This material is not for general distribution in the United Kingdom to retail clients, as defined under the rules of the FCA. RBCEL accepts responsibility for this report and its dissemination in the United Kingdom. To EEA Residents: This material is distributed in the EU by either RBCEL on an authorised cross-border basis, or by RBC Capital Markets (Europe) GmbH (RBC EG) which is authorised and regulated in Germany by the Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority) (BaFin). To Persons Receiving This Advice in Australia: This material has been distributed in Australia by Royal Bank of Canada, Sydney Branch (ABN 86 076 940 880, AFSL No. 246521). This material has been prepared for general circulation and does not take into account the objectives, financial situation or needs of any recipient. Accordingly, any recipient should, before acting on this material, consider the appropriateness of this material having regard to their objectives, financial situation and needs. If this material relates to the acquisition or possible acquisition of a particular financial product, a recipient in Australia should obtain any relevant disclosure document prepared in respect of that product and consider that document before making any decision about whether to acquire the product. This research report is not for retail investors as defined in section 761G of the Corporations Act. To persons receiving this from Royal Bank of Canada, Hong Kong Branch: This document is distributed in Hong Kong by Royal Bank of Canada, Hong Kong Branch which is regulated by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority and the Securities and Futures Commission. This document is not for distribution in Hong Kong, to investors who are not “professional investors”, as defined in the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571 of Hong Kong) and any rules made under that Ordinance. This document has been prepared for general circulation and does not take into account the objectives, financial situation, or needs of any recipient. Past performance is not indicative of future performance. WARNING: The contents of this document have not been reviewed by any regulatory authority in Hong Kong. Investors are advised to exercise caution in relation to the investment. If you are in doubt about any of the contents of this document, you should obtain independent professional advice. To persons receiving this from Royal Bank of Canada, Singapore Branch: This publication is distributed in Singapore by the Royal Bank of Canada, Singapore Branch, a registered entity licensed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. This publication is not for distribution in Singapore, to investors who are not “accredited investors” and “institutional investors”, as defined in the Securities and Futures Act 2001 of Singapore. This publication has been prepared for general circulation and does not take into account the objectives, financial situation, or needs of any recipient. You are advised to seek independent advice from a financial adviser before purchasing any product. If you do not obtain independent advice, you should consider whether the product is suitable for you. Past performance is not indicative of future performance. If you have any questions related to this publication, please contact the Royal Bank of Canada, Singapore Branch. To Japanese Residents: Unless otherwise exempted by Japanese law, this publication is distributed in Japan by or through RBC Capital Markets (Japan) Ltd. which is a Financial Instruments Firm registered with the Kanto Local Financial Bureau (Registered number 203) and a member of the Japan Securities Dealers Association (JSDA) and the Financial Futures Association of Japan (FFAJ). .® Registered trademark of Royal Bank of Canada. RBC Capital Markets is a trademark of Royal Bank of Canada. Used under license. Copyright © RBC Capital Markets, LLC 2026 - Member SIPC Copyright © RBC Dominion Securities Inc. 2026 - Member Canadian Investor Protection Fund

On June 9, 2026, Harrison Reynolds of RBC Capital Markets (RBC Dominion Securities Inc.) reiterated an Outperform rating and US$71.00 price target on Seabridge Gold Inc. (SEA:TSX; SA:NYSE.MKT), implying roughly 155% upside from the June 8, 2026 closing price of US$27.83, following a British Columbia Supreme Court ruling that upheld the "Substantially Started" designation for the company's KSM project while ordering additional Indigenous consultation.

Court Ruling and Analyst View

The BC Supreme Court found that the Environmental Assessment Office's (EAO) July 2024 "Substantially Started" determination for KSM was reasonable, affirming the designation on its merits. The deficiency identified by the court was confined to the consultation process with the Tsetsaut Skii km Lax Ha (TSKLH), rather than the substance of the decision. The court ordered the EAO to give the TSKLH a 90-day window to submit written representations, after which the office must reconsider its determination.

A separate petition brought by SkeenaWild Conservation Trust, an environmental NGO challenging the determination on its merits, was dismissed in full. Reynolds characterized the outcome as one that "removes the risk of the designation being overturned on its merits, but leaves a potential procedural overhang," noting the consultation finding and ordered reconsideration amount to a partial setback even as the substantive ruling went in Seabridge's favor. RBC tagged the report with a Neutral sentiment.

Operational Continuity and Project Status

Work at KSM continues uninterrupted through the reconsideration period. Since the January 2024 application, Seabridge has spent an additional ~US$208m on permanent works, bringing the total to US$1.2b, which Reynolds views as strengthening the factual basis for the determination should it be revisited. Management confirmed the 2026 site program proceeds as planned, including feasibility study preparations targeting completion in 2H27, road construction, and the completion of BC Hydro's Treaty Creek Terminal.

Broad First Nations support remains intact, with backing from the Nisga'a and Tahltan Nations and the Gitxsan Hereditary Chiefs Office; the report frames the TSKLH matter as specific to one group and procedural in nature rather than reflecting broader Indigenous opposition. The "Substantially Started" designation is significant because it locks KSM's provincial and federal environmental assessment certificates in place for the life of the project, removing the prior expiry deadline originally set for July 2026; without it, the project's EA approvals would have lapsed and effectively halted advancement.

Valuation, Outlook, and Risks

The US$71.00 target is based on an average 0.40x multiple applied to RBC's NAV8% estimate, a discount to covered developer peers that reflects the project's stage, potential partnership, longer-dated upside from unmodeled resources and projects, and construction cost and complexity. The Speculative Risk qualifier reflects the early-stage nature of the project and the construction risk ahead.

Key risks flagged include partnership risk, since the target and recommendation largely hinge on Seabridge securing a partner first to advance and fund a feasibility study and then to assume operatorship through construction and production; sensitivity to gold prices (and to a lesser extent copper); and construction capex, estimated at US$6.4bn in the 2022 PFS or US$7.8bn on RBC's smaller-scale initial project assumption. Additional risks span the project's remoteness and climate, the need for significant further permitting prior to production despite environmental approvals being in place, project financing dependent on partnership terms and market conditions, and past project opposition from local groups and NGOs concerning impacts on waters, rivers, and salmon spawning grounds.